Louis Leroy, upon passing the artist's small-scale canvas titled "Sunrise Impression" stated scathingly: "A preliminary drawing for a wallpaper pattern is more highly finished than this seascape. Bourgeois stoicism was back in fashion and the paintings of Claude Monet were not to one art critic's taste. In Paris in 1874 the city was busy recovering from the bloodshed of the Franco-Prussian war and the proletarian revolution known as the Paris Commune. “Knowing the details of the harbor scene in this painting only increases our admiration of the artist’s skill in depicting this sunrise.Ignored by the establishment, a group of renegade painters set up their own independent exhibition in the spare room of a photographer's studio. "It is pretty clear that Monet started from observations from his hotel window during this visit to Le Havre, but then he showed his artistic genius by expressing emotional content that goes beyond literal depictions,” Olson said. 13, 1872 as the definitive date when Monet created Impression, Soleil Levant. 25, 1873.Īn essay by art historian Géraldine Lefebvre in the exhibition catalog gives reasons for preferring the year 1872-matching the original date "72" painted by Monet next to his signature on the canvas-and the combined analysis points to Nov. Two remaining dates record an east wind: Nov. The smoke appears to be blowing to the right, which would indicate a wind from the east. To narrow the field even further, Olson examined the smoke columns rising over the harbor on the left side of the painting. Six dates remained after eliminating those with stormy, rainy or windy weather and heavy seas. "Weather archives also can identify some dates when the sky conditions match the appearance in Impression, Soleil Levant." "Meteorological observations allow us to reject some of the proposed dates, because of the bad weather common on the Normandy coast during the late fall and winter months," Olson explained. Weather reports were the next clue in Olson's detective work. The result was 19 possible dates in late January and mid-November of 18 when the sun and tides corresponded with the painting. Since the large sailing ships could only enter and exit the shallow outer harbor during a few hours near the time of high tide, he used computer algorithms to calculate the tides of that era. To further narrow the possible dates, Olson then looked at the tides. Olson confirmed the view from the room to the southeast matched that of the painting and subsequently calculated the sun's position over the harbor-roughly 20 to 30 minutes after sunrise. One especially clear and detailed photograph made it possible to identify the precise hotel room from which Monet worked. Olson began his work by consulting 19th-century maps and collecting more than 400 vintage photographs of Le Havre. "I had submitted something done in Le Havre, from my window, the sun in the mist and a few masts of ships in the foreground … They asked me the title for the catalog it could not really pass for a view of Le Havre, so I replied: 'Put Impression.' From that came 'Impressionism,' and the jokes proliferated." Monet himself helped to resolve some of the uncertainty in an interview from 1898: Several influential art historians even insisted that the canvas depicted a sunset, not a sunrise. The hazy nature of the image further confused the issue, with various sources disagreeing regarding the season of the year depicted and the direction of Monet’s view. Monet dated his signature with a "72" on the painting, but some subsequent catalogs dismiss that number and date the painting to 1873, assuming that Monet had worked in Le Havre during the spring of that year. " Impression, Soleil Levant likewise appears to be an accurate representation of a sparkling glitter path extending across the waters of the harbor, beneath a solar disk seen through the mist accompanying a late fall or winter sunrise." "For several other Monet paintings from Le Havre, we can be certain that the artist depicted the topography of the port accurately," Olson said. 18, 2015.īased on Olson’s research, the curators of the exhibition conclude, as the most probable date, that Monet painted Impression, Soleil Levant from his hotel room in Le Havre, France, on Nov. Olson's findings are published by the Musée Marmottan Monet of Paris, France, in Monet's Impression Sunrise: The Biography of a Painting, the catalog of the museum's major Monet exhibition running Sept. Now, Texas State University astronomer and physics professor Donald Olson has applied his distinctive brand of celestial sleuthing to Monet's masterpiece, uncovering new details about the painting's origins and resolving some long-standing controversies over what the canvas depicts and when it was painted. The Impressionist movement of the late 19th century takes its name from French artist Claude Monet's moody, dreamlike painting Impression, Soleil Levant (Impression, Sunrise).
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